The pathogenesis of dermonecrosis induced by naja nigricollis venom was studied venom induces edema, blistering and necrosis of dermis and epidermis. African spitting cobras comprise a group of elapid snakes of the genus naja naja nigricollis, naja mossambica, naja nigricincta, naja pallida, naja nubiae, and naja katiensis which are distributed in various subsaharan regions. Black spitting cobra naja nigricollis woodi cape cobra naja nivea forest cobra naja melannoleuca mozambique spitting cobra naja mossambica snouted cobra naja annulifera western barred spitting cobra naja nigricollis nigricincta file snakes angola file snake mehhelya vernayi black file snake mehhelya nyassae. The species is native to africa, mostly the central and western parts of the continent. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial dna sequences reveals the new species to be the sister taxon of n. Engineered nanoparticles bind elapid snake venom toxins and. Observation of the effects of mutations helps account for sequencespecific properties and large variations in folding rates observed in homologous proteins, which are not explained by structurederived descriptions. Blacknecked spitting cobra naja nigricollis spit wusasa, nigeria 46 99. Very little is known of reproduction in this subspecies.
As for the biochemical responses of naja nigricollis venom, the effect of half ld50 of. Spitting cobra, black necked spitting cobra turkce. Naja naja indian cobra ii commercial venom production and eligible noncommercial purpose only, excluding household pets and travelling exhibitions highsecurity facilities only naja nigricollis blacknecked spitting cobra commercial venom production and research purposes only highsecurity facilities only naja nivea cape cobra. Synonyms please check binomial classification section for synonyms. The distinctiveness of the new species is confirmed by multivariate analysis of pattern and scalation data.
Herpetofauna of the cubangookovango river catchment a report on a rapid biodiversity survey conducted in may 2012. In 6 of the cases the snake could be examined and identified as n. Abstractthe neutralizing effects of methanol extracts of indigofera pulchra. Black mamba bite dendroaspis polylepis ngwelazana, south africa 44 97.
During a 14month period, 17 cases of confirmed or assumed bites by naja mossambica mossambica were seen in 2 hospitals in zululand. Fab was covalently conjugated to polystyrene microplate. They are moderately sized snakes that can grow to a. African spitting cobra naja nigricollis bite of the hand. The venom of naja nigricollis has a significant increase p 0. Naja nigricincta bogert, 1940, was long regarded as a subspecies of n. Sawscaled viper echis ocellatus bite on dorsum of foot in a 12yearold boy, kaltungo, nigeria 47 101. Two patients were bitten by egyptian cobras naja haje. They are moderately sized snakes that can grow to a length of 1. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page.
If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. Sixteen of the 17 bites occurred in the patients homes, while the victims were asleep. The extractfractions significantly protected the mice from naja naja nigricollis venominduced mortality in mice. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Id on encyclopedia of life 985686 link to page on eol. Comparison of the toxic and antigenic regions in toxin. Clinical toxinology resources website provides information on venoms, toxins, antivenoms, diagnosis, treatment and emergency medicine, for snakebite, spiderbite, envenoming and poisoning by animals, plants, mushrooms. The final rfactor, computed with all xray data available, is 17. Results indicate that the np is effective at neutralizing the toxicity from naja nigricollis venom. Naja katiensis david 1999 naja pallida branch 1979 naja mossambica boulenger 1968 naja nigricollis eiselt 1962 naja nigricollis loveridge 1945 naja nigricollis anderson 1896 naia nigricollis boulenger 1896 vipera naia haje st 1827. The text of this page is licensed under the creative commons attributionnoncommercial license version 3. This file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. The crystal structure of toxin gamma from naja nigricollis has been solved and refined to 1.
Venom yield and toxicities of six egyptian snakes with a. Black spitting cobra naja nigricollis woodi cape cobra naja nivea forest cobra naja melannoleuca mozambique spitting cobra naja mossambica snouted cobra naja annulifera western barred spitting cobra naja nigricollis nigricincta file snakes angola file snake mehhelya vernayi black file snake mehhelya nyassae cape. The 4th edition has been extensively revised to keep. Naja haje bogert 1943 naja nigricollis curtis 1911 naia haie boulenger 1887 naja haje peters 1854. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 472k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Media in category naja nigricollisthe following 10 files are in this category, out of 10 total. This file is licensed under the creative commons attributionshare alike 3. The spittingcobra, naja nigricollis, is widely and densly distributed in africa. Nerve growth factor from cobra venom pubmed central pmc.
However, naja nigricollis nigricincta has been known to hybridize with naja mossambica in captivity marais. Three anticoagulant proteins were isolated from the venom of naja nigricollis spitting cobra. Naja nigricincta is a species of spitting cobra in the genus naja belonging to the family elapidae this species had long been considered to be a subspecies of the black. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate biochemical and immunogenic properties of male and female venoms from naja nigricollis, bitis arietans and bitis gabonica snakes. Sep 15, 1987 full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 984k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. This snake just enters namibia in the extreme north but is common elsewhere in africa. A cystatinlike cysteine proteinase inhibitor from venom. Effect of heat, proteolytic activity of venom and a reducing agent dtt on methb production. One became drowsy and developed transient ptosis 24 hours later. Naja nigricollis nigricincta bogert 1940 has been elevated to full species status with n. Six cobra species are listed on the live import list. Snakebite envenoming is a major public health problem among rural communities of the nigerian savanna. Public health aspects of snakebite care in west africa.
All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Observations on the bite of the mozambique spitting cobra. Neurotoxic effects of bites by the egyptian cobra naja. The peaks of anticoagulant activity cochromatographed with phos.
Naja nigricincta is a species of spitting cobra in the genus naja belonging to the family elapidae, which is native to the deserts and drier regions of southern africa. An naja annulifera in nahilalakip ha genus nga naja, ngan familia nga elapidae. The nerve growth promoting activity appears to be distinct from the most commonly known enzymes and toxins present in the venom. Pdf impact of naja nigricollis venom on the production of. Impact of naja nigricollis venom on the production of methaemoglobin article pdf available in toxins 1012. These animals were collected during an expedition covering. The effect of the extract on bleeding and clotting time of the venomintoxicated mice was investigated. Neurotoxic effects of bites by the egyptian cobra naja haje. Their coloration and markings can vary considerably. This species had long been considered to be a subspecies of the blacknecked spitting cobra naja nigricollis, but morphological and genetic. Oct 17, 20 snakebite envenoming is a major public health problem among rural communities of the nigerian savanna.
The blacknecked spitting cobra is active both during the day and at night and covers fair distances in search of food. Guidelines for the prevention and clinical management of snakebite in africa. Naja haje banded egyptian cobra, naja melanoleuca forest cobra, naja naja indian cobra, naja nigricollis blacknecked spitting cobra, naja nivea cape cobra and ophiophagus hannah king cobra. A new species of spitting cobra naja from northeastern. Fab and fabsbiotin were obtained form the immunoa nity puried antibodies. The blacknecked spitting cobra naja nigricollis is a species of spitting cobra found mostly in subsaharan africa. To request a quote, please email nancy at miamiserpentarium dot com and provide contact information including institution and telephone number and we will get back to. Clinical observations have been mostly based on cases induced by n.
It is the largest true cobra species with a total length including tail of up to 3. Necrosis, haemorrhage and complement depletion following. Gonionotophis capensis cape file snake l ne monard 1937. Venomous bites from non venomous snakes download ebook. Blacknecked spitting cobra naja nigricollis spit resulting in blindness 46 100. The forest cobra naja melanoleuca, also commonly called the black cobra and the black and whitelipped cobra, is a species of venomous snake in the family elapidae. Blacknecked spitting cobra naja nigricollis bite 43 96. Blacknecked spitting cobra naja nigricollis bite 43 95. Synonyms for naja nigricollis this thesaurus page is about all possible synonyms, equivalent, same meaning and similar words for the term naja nigricollis. Abstracts of oral communications pdf free download. This includes venom spat into eyes by spitting cobras. Fractions and nonreptilian venoms may be purchased in quantities of 1 mg. Naja nigricincta is a species of spitting cobra in the genus naja belonging to the family elapidae this species had long been considered to be a subspecies of the blacknecked spitting cobra naja nigricollis, but morphological and genetic differences have led to its recognition as a separate species.
The species is largely nocturnal, and is often found while crossing roads at night. Angolan snake venoms are poorly investigated and no specific antivenom against them is available in the country. Common english names indian hare, black naped hare common hindi names common indian. Pdf impact of naja nigricollis venom on the production.
For faster navigation, this iframe is preloading the wikiwand page for svarthalset spyttekobra. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in. The other lost consciousness and died within two hours of the bite, but no cause was revealed by autopsy. Naja nigricollis eiselt 1962 naja nigricollis loveridge 1945 naja nigricollis anderson 1896 naia nigricollis boulenger 1896 vipera naia haje st 1827. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Despite several attempts at estimating higherlevel snake relationships and numerous assessments of generic or specieslevel phylogenies, a largescale specieslevel phylogeny solely focusing on snakes has not been completed. General first aid for first aid of venom spit ophthalmia venom in eyes see section 2 below. Pathogenesis of dermonecrosis induced by venom of the.
Calibration curves using separately naja naja kaouthia and naja naja atra venoms manifested a same slope from 1 ngml to 1mgml venom concentration. Supplementary file 1 this supplementary file 1 provides supplementary methods, figures and tables, for. Engineered nanoparticles bind elapid snake venom toxins. The range of wet and dried venom obtained from adult snakes were 281 552 and 76 168 mg respectively.
Pdf naja nigricollis blacknecked spitting cobra geographic. The sawscaled or carpet viper echis ocellatus and, to a lesser extent, the african cobras naja spp. Find all the synonyms and alternative words for naja nigricollis at, the largest free online thesaurus, antonyms, definitions and translations resource on the web. Pdf on jun 24, 2017, daniel f hughes and others published naja nigricollis blacknecked spitting cobra geographic distribution find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate.
Also studied was the effect of the extract on acetylcholineinduced contraction of the isolated frog rectus abdominus. Blacknecked spitting cobra african snakebite institute. Naja nigricollis nigricincta bogert 1940 naja nigricollis var. Naja nigricollis synonyms, naja nigricollis antonyms. African spitting cobra naja nigricollis bite of the hand william m. Whether youre caring for patients on the ground or in the air, this trusted, oneofakind resource is an essential tool for your success in transport nursing. First aid for bites by elapid snakes which are likely to cause significant local damage at the bite site as their major clinical effect see listing in comments section. Toxins free fulltext impact of naja nigricollis venom on the. Evaluation of the antisnake venom activity of leaf extract. An naja annulifera in uska species han elapidae nga ginhulagway ni peters hadton 1854. The chemical and biological properties of the nerve growth factor isolated from naja naja venom are described. All had local swelling, in eight cases involving the entire limb, and ten developed. In vitro neutralization of naja nigricollis venom by stembark extracts.
Blacknecked spitting cobra naja nigricollis spit zaria, nigeria 46 98. Evaluation of the antisnake venom activity of leaf. However, the phospholipase fractions of vipera palestinae and the bovine pancreas pla2 had no synergistic effect. A cystatinlike cysteine proteinase inhibitor from venom of.
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